J-M Belley11

Les études et les chaires universitaires doivent avoir un but globale long terme ou très très long terme. Je veux dire que les subventions que se soit gouvernementale, industrielle ou privé sont alloué lorsque que l'entité offrant la subventention en retireras un jour peut être les bénéfices même si parfois l'utilité des études en cours ne sont pas tjrs évidente. Cela est encore plus vrai quand c'est dans le domaine de la science. En effet étant souvent très couteuse, le étude scientifiques notamment celle en laboratoire demandent davantage de budget donc les universités ou le gouvernement ne peut pas offrir assez alors c'est les industries qui payent et ils veulent des résultats concrêt cours terme. exemple de subvention de mon université: AlCAN (développement des procédé de traitement métallurgique pour l'aluminium), les grandes industries minière comme Rio Tinto, Goldcorp et IAMGold (dont je suis employé), les industries pharmaceutiques et j'en passe. Finalement ce que je veux dire c'est que quand tu veux faire ce genre d'étude ça te prend une justification sinon pas de pognons et justifier une étude comme cela ça doit pas être facile

Non non c'était pas une genre de réprimente c'était plus pour faire une constatation et pour t'avisé

Comme Gael l'a si bien dit il n'y a pas d'étude approfondit sur le sujet pour pouvoir affirmé correctement quoi que ce soit. Au peut juste y aller par déduction soit les cas d'envenimation les plus graves repertorié proviennent de morsures de spécimens de la sous-famille des Stromatopelminae (coma et j'en passe). Le genre poecilotheria ne donne pas sont dire aussi et je crois qu'un cas de coma est aussi répertorié. Comme tu le sais surement les Stromatopelma et Heteroscodra (espècses très défensives) sont arboricole et vivent souvent dans des bananiers alors les ceuilleurs en sont souvent victime donc plus de cas répertorier. Les poecilo sont plus fuyante donc moins de cas d'envenimation Ce que j'essai de dire est que lorsque l'on procèdent de cette façon pour l'échantillonnage de donné dans une étude sérieuses il y a des risques de biaser l'information et de créer de fausse anomalie. Il faudrait une étude venimologique comparative sur chacun des genres pour pouvoir sortir quelquechoses...

Ça a pas plus que 2 mm de long, difficile d'observation

Bel effort Mais quand on se base très fortement sur un travail de quelqu'un d'autre et non sur ses propres observations il faut mentionné la source sinon on peut se faire accusé de plagiat. Source: Gestion de la biodiversité dans un cadre de développement durable et législation concernant les mygales en Martinique Rapport de Mr LOUIS-JEAN Laurent M1 SDUEE / EBE à l’Université Pierre et Marie Curie Sous la tutelle du professeur Mme CELERIER Marie-Louise http://www.martinique.ecologie.gouv.fr/telecharge/Rapport%20stage%20mygale.pdf

Oui bon cela dépend du métabolisme de chacun et de la dose que le spécimen injecte. Tu peux te faire mordre par une poecilo et ne rien avoir (morsure sêche) mais tu peux aussi tombé dans le coma et avoir des douleurs épouvantable pendant des semaines

Et Atrax Robustus n'est pas un theraphosidae (mygale) c'est un Mygalomorphae

TARSAL SCOPULA DIVISION IN THERAPHOSINAE (ARANEAE, THERAPHOSIDAE) : ITS SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE Fernando Perez-Miles : Division Zoologia Experimental, Instituto de Investigacione s http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v22_n1/JoA_v22_p46.pdf

DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF MEXICAN SPECIES OF BRACHYPELMA AND BRACHYPELMIDES (THERAPHOSIDAE, THERAPHOSINAE) WITH MORPHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR THEIR SYNONYMY A. Locht, M. Ya´n˜ez and I. Va´zquez: Laboratorio de Acarologı´a ‘‘Anita Hoffmann,’’ Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Auto´noma de Me´xico, Coyoacan 04510, D.F., Me´xico http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_Congress/JoA_v27_n1/arac_27_01_0196.pdf

Les dossier scientifique sont maintenant en feu

Cette série d'article est vraiment excellente

Offert gratuitement http://www.thebts.co.uk/media/OnlineBTSJournal.pdf

by Andrew M Smith http://www.thebts.co.uk/poecilotheria.htm http://www.thebts.co.uk/poecilotheria2.htm

http://www.thebts.co.uk/selenocosmia.htm

http://www.thebts.co.uk/New%20World%20Arboreal%20Tarantulas.htm

Notes and Observations Regarding the Bite of Poecilotheria pederseni Par Ray Gabriel http://www.thebts.co.uk/Bite_ppederseni.htm

http://www.thebts.co.uk/bsmithi.htm

Observations on an experiment with spiderlings of Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock 1895 http://www.thebts.co.uk/Experiment.htm

Par Ray Gabriel http://www.thebts.co.uk/old_articles/avicularia.htm

Par Richard C. Gallon http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/downloads/tarantulaSubstrateReview.pdf

Par Richard Gallon et extrait du BTS journal http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/downloads/naturalhistorytarantulas.pdf

SPECTRAL SENSITIVITIES OF PHOTORECEPTORS IN THE OCELLI OF THE TARANTULA APHONOPELMA CHALCODES (ARANEAE, THERAPHOSIDAE) R. Dennis Dahl' and A. M. Granda http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v17_n2/JoA_v17_p195.pdf

Experimental Housing for Montane “Tiger Spiders” –Poecilotheria smithi and P. subfusca: a preliminary report with comments on P. rufilata par Michael Jacobi Code:http://www.exoticfauna.com/arachnoculture/pdf/AC1(1)30-41.pdf

GENUS LATRODECTUS… Latrodectus Specimen List including their Synonyms by Tom Simons [/color] Gen. Latrodectus (Walckenaer, 1805) Latrodectus Antheratus (Badcock, 1932)..........Paraguay, Argentina L. carteri L. cretaceous L. curacaviensis L. antheratus Latrodectus Apicalis (Butler, 1877)..........Galapagos Islands L. apicalis Latrodectus Atritus (Urquhart, 1890)..........New Zealand L. katipo L. atritus L. hasseltii atritus L. mactans L. atritus Latrodectus Bishopi (Kaston, 1938)..........USA L. mactans bishopi L. curacaviensis L. bishopi Latrodectus Cinctus (Blackwall, 1865)..........Cape Verde Islands, Africa, Kuwait L. stuhlmanni L. mactans L. cinctus Latrodectus Corallinus (Abalos, 1980)..........Argentina L. corallinus Latrodectus Curacaviensis (Müller, 1776)..........Lesser Antilles, South America L. geographicus L. foliatus L. mactans L. specimen L. curcaniensis Latrodectus Dahli (Levi, 1959)..........Middle East to Central Asia L. tadzhicus L. dahli Latrodectus Diaguita (Carcavallo, 1960)..........Argentina L. mactans L. diaguita Latrodectus Elegans (Thorell, 1898)..........China, Myanmar, Japan L. hasselti elegans L. mactans L. elegans Latrodectus Erythromelas (Schmidt & Klaas, 1991)..........Sri Lanka L. erythromelas Latrodectus Geometricus (C. L. Koch, 1841)..........Cosmopolitan L. concinnus L. geometricus modestus L. geometricus subalbicans L. geometricus obscuratus L. geometricus Latrodectus Hasselti (Thorell, 1870)..........Southeast Asia to Australia, New Zealand L. scelio L. scelio indicus L. indicus L. hasselti indicus L. ancorifer L. hasselti aruensis L. hasselti ancorifer L. cinctus L. mactans hasselti L. hasselti Latrodectus Hesperus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935)..........North America, Israel L. mactans hesperus L. mactans texanus L. mactans L. curacaviensis L. variolus L. hesperus Latrodectus Hystrix (Simon, 1890)..........Yemen, Socotra L. hystrix Latrodectus Indistinctus (F.O. P.-Cambridge, 1904)..........Namibia, South Africa L. indistinctus Latrodectus Karrooensis (Smithers, 1944)..........South Africa L. indistinctus karrooensis L. mactans L. karrooensis Latrodectus Katipo (Powell, 1870)..........New Zealand L. mactans L. kapito Latrodectus Lilianae (Melic, 2000)..........Spain L. lilianae Latrodectus Mactans (Fabricius, 1775)..........Probably North America only L. schuchii L. formidabilis L. perfidus L. intersector L. thoracius L. malmignatus tropica L. insularis L. insularis lunulifer L. sagittifer L. hahli L. luzonicus L. albomaculatus L. agoyangyang L. mactans albomaculatus L. mactans mexicanus L. mactans mactans L. mactans Latrodectus Menavodi (Vinson, 1863)..........Madagascar, Comoro Islands L. menavodi Latrodectus Mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876)..........Argentina L. curacaviensis L. mirabilis Latrodectus Obscurior (Dahl, 1902)..........Cape Verde Islands, Madagascar L. obscurior Latrodectus Pallidus (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)...Cape Verde Islands, Libya to Russia, Iran L. pallidus pavlovskii L. pallidus Latrodectus Quartus (Abalos, 1980)..........Argentina L. quartus Latrodectus Renivulvatus (Dahl, 1902)..........Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen L. incertus L. mactans L. renivulvatus Latrodectus Revivensis (Shulov, 1948)..........Israel L. mactans L. revivensis Latrodectus Rhodesiensis (Mackay, 1972)..........Southern Africa L. rhodesiensis Latrodectus Tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790)..........Mediterranean to China L. 13decimguttatus L. argus L. erebus L. hispidus L. 5-guttatus L. quinguttatus L. malmignatus L. martius L. oculatus L. venator L. 13-guttatus L. conglobatus L. lugubris L. tredecimguttatus lugubris L. mactans L. mactans tredecimguttatus L. tredecimguttatus Latrodectus Variegatus (Nicolet, 1849)..........Chile, Argentina L. curacaviensis L. variegatus Latrodectus Variolus (Walckenaer, 1837)..........USA, Canada L. curacaviensis L. variolus

Applications Let us consider several of proposed applications of spider polyamine containing toxins in medicine. Of particular interest is the antiepileptic effect of the Joro spider toxin (JSTX-3), native to the Nephila clavata species (see figure 1c). It is known for its extremely selective inhibition of glutamate-mediated ion channels, which makes it a useful implement in the neurosciences. It has been shown that induced epileptic seizures are controlled by NMDA receptor activation in the hippocampus (Smolders et al., 1997). An experiment was conducted on a group of rats predisposed to epilepsy. Epileptic seizures were induced in rats through administration of seizure-generating chemicals like pilocarpine. Then the seizures were interrupted, and after some time, rats were anesthetized, their brains excised, sectioned, and analyzed. In particular, hippocampal neurons underwent thorough electrochemical examination. Artificial cerebro-spinal fluid with and without Mg2+ was added to the brain slices in vitro. Since Mg2+ normally obstructs the NMDA channel, its absence results in over-activity of the receptor. However, addition of JSTX-3 immediately stops this activity. Failing to stop NMDA hyper-excitation results in cell death due to overabundance of Ca2+ that flows through the channels. The epileptic over-activity is likely to be also connected with the other Ca2+ channels, namely AMPA and KA receptors. It has been demonstrated that JSTX-3 antagonizes these receptors as well, creating a synergetic anti-convulsant effect (Salamoni et al., 2005). Interestingly enough, another spider toxin was shown to have anti-convulsant effects in response to administration of chemicals inducing epilepsy. However, this compound, FrPbAII of the social spider Parawixia bistriata, acts by a very different mechanism (see figure 1d). The venom component inhibits reuptake of GABA by affecting its transporters. Thus, FrPbAII prevents the GABAergic blockade that produces epileptic seizures. Experiments on mice in vivo confirm this neurotoxin’s efficacy at providing seizure protection (Liberato et al., 2006). Therefore, spider toxins present a feasible treatment opportunity for the serious medical condition of epilepsy. Another interesting application of polyamine toxins centers on their protective role in alleviating brain damage caused by ischemia. This condition frequently follows a stroke, resulting in neuronal damage. In this case, spider toxins such as FTX-3,3, isolated from grass spider Agelenopsis aperta, can act as neuron-protective agents (see figure 1b). The toxin binds to several types of voltage sensitive calcium channels, which are believed to be involved in ischemic cell depolarization that ultimately leads to cell death. Synthetic compounds mirroring the effect of FTX-3,3 have been produced. Moreover, other polyamines, such as JSTX-3 mentioned above, neutralize slow excitatory postsynaptic potentials caused by ischemia. If these potentials are not stemmed, they lead to Ca2+ accumulation and, ultimately, cell death. Thus, spider polyamines may provide an effective multi-layer defense for the consequences of stroke. Furthermore, due to their specificity, they are unlikely to cause the side effects exhibited by the medications currently in use (Estrada et al., 2007). Additionally, JSTX-3’s inhibition of glutamate channels has proven useful in studying the mechanism of allodynia, a type of pain. The toxin selectively blocks AMPA receptors in the spine. The examination of various pain inducing processes on rats, using different channel inhibitors, allowed elucidation of the pain pathways. The subsequent results suggested the respective roles of NMDA, AMPA, and KA receptors with respect to thermal hyperalgesia, oversensitivity to pain, and mechanical allodynia. These experiments allowed distinguishing between central sensitization and hyperalgesia in patients after surgery. Moreover, since JSTX-3 blocks the channel related to pain transmission, it produces an anesthetic effect, that can be harnessed for pharmacological use (Estrada et al., 2007). Yet another promising application of spider neurotoxins pertains to the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ASL). One of this condition’s negative effects is enhancement of P-channel Ba2+ current by ImmunoglobinG. This increased current leads to cell death and, ultimately, patient’s death from respiratory failure. However, this extremely harmful pathway can be greatly decreased by stemming Ba2+ current with compounds like a polypeptide toxin pFTX from Agelenopsis aperta spider (see figure 1b). The experiments conducted on guinea pig Purkinje cells in vitro confirm that the synthetic analog of pFTX, sFTX, stops inward Ba2+ current in P-channels. Moreover, both versions of FTX toxin block the P-type channel that contributes to overabundance of Ca2+ during ASL, which leads to similar results as magnified Ba2+ current (Llinas et al., 1993). Conclusion Thus, polyamine-containing spider toxins form a group of highly selective, specific, and efficient effectors of neuroreceptors. They primarily act as antagonists of ionotropic channels. The plethora of their mechanisms of action and results thereof are tremendous considering the similarity in the polyamines’ structures. These properties make polyamine toxins incredibly useful for study of various receptors, including those in the human brain. Furthermore, their inhibitory action can be employed in medicine through amelioration of such wasteful conditions as ischemia, epilepsy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Moreover, the great variety of arthropods implies that thousands if not millions of such compounds await discovery for the greater good.